Peer-reviewed Article Evolution Male and Female Human Anatomy

From virginity-obsessed religious theocrats and fake sex activity gurus who fetishize over their own misunderstandings of man anatomy for financial gain to serious scientists publishing methodologically flawed research that turn out to be non-reproducible and unscrupulous doctors promoting untested and potentially dangerous surgical procedures, the scientific realities of human female person sexual anatomy and physiology has come up nether burn from a diverse range of sources. Aggravated by media attending and bad science journalism, this area has become filled to the brim with a great deal of distortions and misconceptions. It is fourth dimension to strike back.

The "evidence" for the existence of a female G-spot consists generally of anecdotes and a flawed study that did not even relieve a histological sample, so it is most probable not a general anatomic feature in women. G-spot amplification surgeries have not undergone rigorous clinical testing and carries serious potential risks. Many women cannot achieve orgasm by just having vaginal penetration. Virgin tests are based on discredited notions about vaginal anatomy and virginity. Finally, there is very little credible show that menstrual synchronization occurs when women alive together for an extended period of time and the fact that nearly of these studies could non exist replicated suggests that initial findings were capitalizations on take chances.

Fact #i: The "G-spot" probably does not exist as a full general anatomic feature

The G-spot is a hypothesized distinct anatomical surface area situated in the anterior vaginal wall that is said to incite peculiarly intense sexual pleasure when stimulated. However, it has proved to exist elusive to identify this area using scientific methods. Despite this, some women are convinced that this area exists and the notion has been rapidly exploited by charismatic sex gurus, pop women's magazines and unscrupulous surgeons.

However, the scientific state of knowledge differ essentially from pop imagination. Two recent reviews by Puppo and Gruenwald (2013) and Kilchevsky et. al (2012) converge on the general conclusion that the G-spot is a myth without any anatomical reality. Puppo and Gruenwald (2013) state that "All published scientific data point to the fact that the Thousand-spot does not exist" and Kilchevsky et. al (2012) concludes that:

The distal part of the anterior vaginal wall appears to be the most sensitive region of the vagina, yet the beingness of an anatomical "Thousand-spot" on the anterior wall remains to exist demonstrated. Objective investigative measures, either not available or non applied when Hines first published his review article over a decade ago, however neglect to provide irrefutable evidence for the Chiliad-spot's being. This may be, in part, considering of the farthermost variability of the female ballocks on an individual level or, more probable, that this mythical location does non exist.

A contempo study past Ostrzenski (2012) was herald in the media equally the final proof for the being of the Yard-spot. Nonetheless, that written report was nothing more an North = one dissection of a expressionless 81-year-old woman and they did not fifty-fifty relieve the tissue sample. They simply used "visual inspection" to decide that they had found the elusive G-spot. Here is how Puppo and Gruenwald (2013) describes the study:

In a contempo attempt to define a so-chosen G-spot, Ostrzenski extracted parts of the anterior vaginal wall of the cadaver of an 83-year one-time woman and called information technology the G-spot: "The anatomic beingness of the G-spot was documented in this study with potential bear upon on the practise and clinical inquiry in the field of female sexual function.". The author wrote: "The G-spot was identified as a sac with walls that grossly resembled the fibroconnective tissues, was easy to observe, and was a well-delineated structure"; yet, no histologic studies of the samples were offered. The writer likewise stated: "The G-spot gene has been identified," only this is a misreading of the reference he quotes. It seems totally inappropriate to claim that the existence of a G-spot has been "documented" on the basis of 1 cadaver dissection by a physician who is actively involved in a commercially oriented institute.

In other words, Ostrzenski also has a considerable conflict on involvement, as he himself promotes and performs M-spot amplification surgeries (Hall, 2012).

Fact #2: "Grand-spot amplification" is untested and dangerous pseudoscience

G-spot amplification involves the injection of collagen into the inductive vaginal wall. The idea is to raise the sensitivity G-spot and increase sexual pleasance. Yet, according to Puppo and Gruenwald (2013), there are no medically valid reasons for this procedure, information technology is not canonical by the FDA, it is explicitly rejected past the American College of Obstetricians (2007) and Gynecologists, there are no peer-reviewed publications demonstrating rubber or efficacy, and information technology has substantial risks, including dyspareunia (i. eastward. painful sex).

Fact #3: A considerable proportion of women cannot orgasm through vaginal penetration alone

From the steamy alternative history novels in the Globe's Children series to the average pornographic clip on the Cyberspace, vaginal intercourse amid heterosexuals seem to frequently atomic number 82 to female person orgasm on its own. Although clitoral stimulation sometimes occur in these different media, vaginal intercourse is primarily centered effectually the repetitive, in-and-out thrusting motion. However, this is a very misleading picture, considering the vast bulk of heterosexual women cannot reach orgasm during vaginal penetration alone. In a review newspaper on orgasm, Mah and Binik (2001) summarized some of the previous enquiry like this:

The majority of women indicate that clitoral stimulation is of import for achieving orgasm. Fisher (1973) reported that on average, 63% of sampled women reached orgasm through clitoral stimulation followed by intercourse, and another 35% through clitoral stimulation before or after their partner'southward coital orgasm. Women rated clitoral stimulation every bit at to the lowest degree somewhat more than important than vaginal stimulation in achieving orgasm; only nearly 20% indicated that they did non require additional clitoral stimulation during intercourse, and 12% considered vaginal stimulation more of import than clitoral stimulation.

The estimates discussed in the above review paper differ, simply by and large land around 70-80%. Similarly, Kammerer-Doak and Rogers (2008) explain that:

Most women report the inability to reach orgasm with vaginal intercourse and require direct clitoral stimulation. About xx% have coital climaxes, and 80% of women climax before or subsequently vaginal intercourse when stimulated manually, orally, or with a vibrator or other device. Only xxx% women almost ever or always achieve orgasm with sex in contrast to 75% of men.

Far from the imagery and beliefs that step from popular depictions of vaginal intercourse, most heterosexual women cannot orgasm through vaginal intercourse solitary.

Fact #4: "Virgin tests" are flawed

The hymen, or the vaginal corona equally it is sometimes called, is a collection of small folds of mucosal tissue nigh the vaginal opening. In many cultures, such as fundamentalist Islamic and Christian societies, an intact hymen is considered to be positive proof of virginity (Tschudin et. al, 2013). However, as Cook and Dickens (2009) points out, this is not accurate:

Named after the god of marriage in classical Greek mythology, the hymen is presumed to be cleaved at a woman's beginning experience of sexual intercourse, and its intact status is and then taken to represent virginity. A hymen may become ruptured or torn in several other ways, however, including vaginal insertion of objects such equally tampons, vigorous sporting activities, surgical procedures, and falling on abrupt objects.

There are also rare cases were girls are born without a hymen (MedlinePlus, 2013), so the presence of absence of a hymen is not a reliable indicator for virginity.

At that place are other alleged virginity tests which involve inserting one or two fingers up the vagina to check the size and the level of looseness. According to Human Rights Watch (2010), this has been used past some Indian medical and legal authorities to determine if rape victims are telling the truth or not. If the vagina is small and/or firm, they conclude that no sex activity has occurred. If the vagina is big and/or loose, they may conclude that an single women is sexually promiscuous and thus have an unreliable moral character. In reality, finger tests are flawed for much the aforementioned reasons as the hymen test: the size and laxity of the vagina are affected by many other factors unrelated to virgin status.

Fact #five: Scant scientific evidence for menstrual synchronization in humans

In 1971, the researcher Martha McClintock published a newspaper in Nature suggesting that women who alive together seem to undergo menstrual synchronization because of a pheromone-mediated mechanism (McClintock, 1971). However, dark clouds soon started to appear on the horizon. Although some initial studies seemed to replicate McClintock's initial findings, later studies started finding inconsistent results. First, the hypothesized pheromone-mediated mechanism took a serious accident when e. k. Quadagno and collegues (1981) found that shut female friends, just not female neighbors, underwent menstrual synchronization. 2d, several methodological criticisms were leveled confronting McClintock and the classical epitome of menstrual synchronization. Third, many after studies with improved methodology failed to replicate menstrual synchronization.

A recent review by Harris and Vitzthum (2013) explains that:

MS is often causeless to be a well-documented feature of women'due south biological science but, in fact, there is surprisingly little (if any) undisputed bear witness to support the being of any mechanism that functions to create synchrony among women's cycles. Rather, apparent synchronization is readily owing to chance convergence arising from the finite and variable length of menstrual cycles and the rules of probability. Thus, given an average cycle length of 28 days, the maximum number of days by which two women tin differ in menstrual onset is 14 days, and the average difference is only 7 days. In calorie-free of the evidence presented earlier on the natural "irregularity" of women's cycles (i.e., about half or more of women who claim to have "regular" cycles, in fact, have a range in segment length of at least six days and nigh a quarter have a range greater than two weeks), it is inappreciably surprising that menses onset is coincident at some time or another in a pair of women.

Harris and Vitzthum (2013) get into additional detail about the methodological and statistical flaws of the studies purporting to evidence menstrual synchronization. This included the wrong usage of a statistical significance test:

For example, McClintock appears to have incorrectly used the Folio examination for ordered hypotheses with multiple treatments (she used the same groups of women repeatedly instead of independent treatments), making it impossible to evaluate the true level of significance of her reported findings.

…treating overlapping groups as mutually exclusive:

McClintock (1971) assumed in her analyses that "roommates" and "closest friends" were mutually exclusive groups, which they may non take been, an assumption that undermines the validity of her statistical tests.

….as well as bones adding errors:

McClintock (1971) likewise appears to take miscalculated the catamenia onset dates for the study subjects, which artificially inflated the adding of the initial divergence amid subjects (Wilson, 1992). As a consequence, the study appeared to show significant decreases in the departure between the timing of flow onset, when in fact any convergence was reasonably attributable to adventure.

They conclude that:

An appreciation of the likely patterns of ovarian cycling throughout much of man evolutionary history (until the 20th century) coupled with data on the extraordinary variation within and amidst contemporary women in bicycle length quickly leads to a nagging incertitude regarding the likelihood of MS sensu stricto. Add a good dose of probability theory and the fact that reasonably well designed studies have failed to support the MSH, and one is left wondering why so much attention has been given to searching for elusive mechanisms and constructing convoluted evolutionary scenarios. In light of the lack of empirical prove for MS sensu stricto, it seems in that location should be more widespread doubt than acceptance of this hypothesis.

A similar event related to the failure to replicate hit studies on menstrual or estrus synchronization in many non-human animals (Hall, 2011).

Objections anticipated:

This post is likely to be considerably more controversial than the topics this website unremarkably cover, here a short list of some anticipated objections with their responses.

—> But I have a G-spot, I tin can feel it!

The scientific issue is not if single individuals have a Chiliad-spot, but whether it is a full general anatomic feature common to most women. Thus, these kinds of anecdotes cannot be considered sound scientific arguments.

—> I had G-spot amplification and it worked for me!

The bottom line is that G-spot amplification is untested, unapproved and has considerable risks. The fact that you lot have a subjective feel of it working is an anecdote, not scientific evidence. How do you know it was non because of the placebo upshot? Consider the instance of arthroscopic surgery for knee osteoarthritis. At a fourth dimension when this procedure was carried out over one-half a one thousand thousand times per twelvemonth and around half of all patients reported pain relief, Moseley et. al (2002) showed that outcomes were non ameliorate than a sham surgery. If effectually a quarter of a 1000000 people tin be fooled past the placebo effect of a certain surgical procedure per year, and then why can't yous?

—> Me and my roommate synced up!

And then? Since studies have failed to discover prove for menstrual synchronization in humans, those that purported to prove synchronization could not exist replicated and the fact that period is not equally regular equally most people remember, there is very little reason to believe that it cannot be attributed to chance.

—> But you are a human being! Yous arrogant pronunciations on the experience of women does non count!

Expert affair that my claims are backed up by the scientific literature then. Also, if you had paid attention to the references, many of these papers were written by women.

—> Virginity brings honor, which is very of import in some cultures

So? That does not mean that virginity tests are valid or reliable indicators of virginity. All y'all are doing is reaffirming that virginity tests (and the obsession over virginity) are based on cultural superstition. The fact that these cultural obsessions exits (albeit in dissimilar forms) across cultures is irrelevant. A common superstition is still only a superstition.

References:

Committee on Gynecologic Practice, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2007). ACOG Committee Stance No. 378: Vaginal "rejuvenation" and cosmetic vaginal procedures. Obstet Gynecol. 110(3):737-viii.

Cook, R. J., & Dickens, B. M. (2009). Hymen reconstruction: Ethical and legal issues. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 107(iii), 266-269.

Hall, H. (2011). Menstrual Synchrony: Practice Girls Who Go Together Flow Together?. Science-Based Medicine. Accessed: 2014-01-01.

Hall, H. (2013). Yard-Spot Discovered? Not So Fast!. Science-Based Medicine. Accessed: 2014-01-01.

Harris, A. L., & Vitzthum, Five. J. (2013). Darwin'due south Legacy: An Evolutionary View of Women'southward Reproductive and Sexual Functioning. The Journal of Sex Research, 50(3-four), 207-246.

Human Rights Watch (2010). Dignity on Trial. Accessed: 2014-01-01.

Kammerer-Doak, D., & Rogers, R. Grand. (2008). Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America, 35(ii), 169-183

Kilchevsky, A., Vardi, Y., Lowenstein, L., & Gruenwald, I. (2012). Is the Female G-Spot Truly a Singled-out Anatomic Entity? The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 9(iii), 719-726.

Mah, G., & Binik, Y. M. (2001). The nature of human orgasm: a critical review of major trends. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(6), 823-856

McClintock, M. K. (1971). Menstrual Synchrony and Suppression. Nature, 229(5282), 244-245.

MedlinePlus. (2013). Developmental disorders of the female reproductive tract. U. S. Library of Medicine. Accessed: 2014-01-01.

Moseley, J. B., O'Malley, K., Petersen, N. J., Menke, T. J., Brody, B. A., Kuykendall, D. H., . . . Wray, N. P. (2002). A Controlled Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(2), 81-88.

Ostrzenski, A. (2012). G-Spot Anatomy: A New Discovery. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, nine(5), 1355-1359. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02668.x

Puppo, V., & Gruenwald, I. (2012). Does the G-spot exist? A review of the current literature. International Urogynecology Journal, 23(12), 1665-1669. doi: x.1007/s00192-012-1831-y

Quadagno, D. Yard., Shubeita, H. East., Deck, J., & Francoeur, D. (1981). Influence of male social contacts, do and all-female living conditions on the menstrual bike. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 6(3), 239-244.

Tschudin, S., Schuster, S., Dumont dos Santos, D., Huang, D., Bitzer, J., & Leeners, B. (2013). Restoration of Virginity: Women'south Demand and Health Care Providers' Response in Switzerland. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, ten(ix), 2334-2342.

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Source: https://debunkingdenialism.com/2014/01/01/dispelling-myths-about-human-female-sexual-anatomy-and-physiology/

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